Pope Benedict is getting heat for quoting a 14th century emperor:
I was reminded of all this recently, when I read the edition by professor Theodore Khoury (Muenster) of part of the dialogue carried on — perhaps in 1391 in the winter barracks near Ankara — by the erudite Byzantine emperor Manuel II Paleologus and an educated Persian on the subject of Christianity and Islam, and the truth of both.
It was probably the emperor himself who set down this dialogue, during the siege of Constantinople between 1394 and 1402; and this would explain why his arguments are given in greater detail than the responses of the learned Persian. The dialogue ranges widely over the structures of faith contained in the Bible and in the Koran, and deals especially with the image of God and of man, while necessarily returning repeatedly to the relationship of the “three Laws”: the Old Testament, the New Testament and the Koran.
In this lecture I would like to discuss only one point — itself rather marginal to the dialogue itself — which, in the context of the issue of “faith and reason,” I found interesting and which can serve as the starting point for my reflections on this issue.
In the seventh conversation (”diálesis” — controversy) edited by professor Khoury, the emperor touches on the theme of the jihad (holy war). The emperor must have known that sura 2:256 reads: “There is no compulsion in religion.” It is one of the suras of the early period, when Mohammed was still powerless and under [threat]. But naturally the emperor also knew the instructions, developed later and recorded in the Koran, concerning holy war.
Without descending to details, such as the difference in treatment accorded to those who have the “Book” and the “infidels,” he turns to his interlocutor somewhat brusquely with the central question on the relationship between religion and violence in general, in these words: “Show me just what Mohammed brought that was new, and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached.”
The emperor goes on to explain in detail the reasons why spreading the faith through violence is something unreasonable. Violence is incompatible with the nature of God and the nature of the soul. “God is not pleased by blood, and not acting reasonably (”syn logo”) is contrary to God’s nature. Faith is born of the soul, not the body. Whoever would lead someone to faith needs the ability to speak well and to reason properly, without violence and threats…. To convince a reasonable soul, one does not need a strong arm, or weapons of any kind, or any other means of threatening a person with death….”
The decisive statement in this argument against violent conversion is this: Not to act in accordance with reason is contrary to God’s nature. The editor, Theodore Khoury, observes: For the emperor, as a Byzantine shaped by Greek philosophy, this statement is self-evident. But for Muslim teaching, God is absolutely transcendent. His will is not bound up with any of our categories, even that of rationality. Here Khoury quotes a work of the noted French Islamist R. Arnaldez, who points out that Ibn Hazn went so far as to state that God is not bound even by his own word, and that nothing would oblige him to reveal the truth to us. Were it God’s will, we would even have to practice idolatry.
As far as understanding of God and thus the concrete practice of religion is concerned, we find ourselves faced with a dilemma which nowadays challenges us directly. Is the conviction that acting unreasonably contradicts God’s nature merely a Greek idea, or is it always and intrinsically true?
Read the entire lecture.
Pope Benedict characterizes these comments as “brusque,” and is using them to underline his point that religion should not be spread through violence. Why does he point this out? Because radical Islam is spreading religion via violence. Has Christianity ever spread itself by violence? Yes, and that was wrong too. Benedict’s point is that spreading a religion by violence is evil and inhuman, regardless of what religion is spreading. His point is not that Mohammed is evil and inhuman, only that his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached is.
So what’s wrong with what Pope Benedict said?
The first question we must ask is: is it true? Well, yes, spreading religion by violence deprives folks of their religious liberty.
Secondly we must ask, is it offensive? Well, it is a critique of certain policies Mohammed advocated. Did Mohammed actually advocate these policies? History shows that this is the case. So is it wrong to point out that Mohammed advocated policies that deprive people of their religious liberty and thus are evil and inhuman? No, it’s just the truth.
Furthermore, does the significant radical movement within the Islamic world actually advocate spreading Islam via violence? Well, yes. That’s kind of the entire problem. Radical Islamists are advocating killing everyone who says anything against Islam at all. Did Christians something along these lines? Yes, the Inquisition remains a black eye upon our history. Can we undo what the Inquisition did? No. But do we do this now? No, Christianity is not currently spreading itself via violence. Islam is. That’s the difference right now and that difference must be recognized because it’s simply a truthful statement of fact.
Political correctness cannot and must not destroy truthful discussion. It’s important that it be clear that spreading religion by violence is evil and inhuman is something that will not be tolerated. It is wrong.
Finally, Benedict is quoting. This is not his opinion, this is the opinion of the 14th century Emperor. Can we no longer quote history in our society? If no, then do we not consign ourselves to ignorance and thus doom ourselves to repeat the mistakes of those that have gone before us, for we close our ears against what they said for fear it might offend someone somewhere?
Do you see Christians screaming bloody murder anytime says something about injustices done by Christians in Christian history? No. In fact Pope John Paul the Great himself apologized for the errors of the Christianity. Did that apology undo those errors? No, of course not. But did it cast the light of truth upon them? Have leaders of Islam done something of the same sort, apologizing for the injustices done by radical Islamists in history? No, they haven’t.
And note the phrase “bloody murder.” That’s what some of these radical Islamists are actually advocating to anyone who says anything remotely negative about the activities of radical Islamists: murder them.
Truth must take precedence over political correctness in our free society, or else political correctness will be used as a cover for those who would end the free society and replace it with a totalitarian society. If we don’t speak up against radical Islam truthfully, it will operate under the cover of political correctness until such a time as it which it can rise up and destroy the free society and replace it with a sharia society. Is this fantasy? No. This is the truth, which can be gleaned from what the radical Islamists are actually saying. We’d be stupid to think that “oh well they don’t really mean that.” They don’t? Why would we think that, especially considering what we saw happen in America five years and four days ago today?
We need more rational and honest dialogue in the world. Rational dialogue, ruled by reason, not by emotions. If we don’t have rational dialogue we’re going to doom ourselves to the inevitable result of inflamed passions: violence. Only reason can sheathe the sword and only by Truth.
You can discuss this at Selfev, an online community promoting discussion and analysis of the free society engaged with modern democracy.casino albuquerque party nightinternet casino merchant ecommerce accountcasino to windsor 1 trip dayaccount casino merchant en internet languagereno alantis casinogambling addictive storiesindian casino 2002 gamblingcasino 1000 games Map